Fox News Channel

Fox News Channel
Foxnewslogo.svg
Fox News Channel logo
Launched October 7, 1996
Owned by News Corporation
Picture format 480i (SD), 720p (HD)
Slogan "Fair & Balanced"
"We Report. You Decide."
"The Most Powerful Name in News"
Country United States
Language English
Broadcast area United States and Worldwide
Headquarters New York City, United States
Sister channel(s) Fox Business Network
Fox Broadcasting Company
Sky News
Sky News Australia
SKY TG 24
Website Foxnews.com
Availability
Satellite
DirecTV 360 (HD/SD)
Dish Network 205 (SD), 9477 (HD)
Bell TV 507
Shaw Direct 503 / 154
Foxtel 604
Sky Network Television 092
Sky Italia 514
Sky 509
Digital+ 77
Cable
Available on most cable systems Check local listings
Satellite radio
Sirius 131
XM 121
IPTV
Bell Fibe TV (Canada)Sky Angel Channel 507318

Fox News Channel (FNC), commonly referred to as Fox News or Fox, is a cable and satellite news channel owned by the Fox Entertainment Group, a subsidiary of News Corporation. As of April 2009, it is available to 102 million households in the United States and further to viewers internationally, broadcasting primarily out of its New York City studios.

The channel was created by Australian-American media mogul Rupert Murdoch, who hired Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. The channel was launched on October 7, 1996[1] to 17 million cable subscribers. The channel grew in the late 1990s. Fox News finished the first quarter of 2009 as the second-most-watched cable network in primetime, behind USA Network.[2]

Critics have asserted that both Fox's news reporting and its political commentary promote conservative political positions.[3][4][5][6] Fox News Channel says that its political commentary and news reporting operate independently of each other and denies any bias in its news reporting.[7][8][9]

Contents

History

Early years

In May 1985, Australian publisher Rupert Murdoch announced that he and American industrialist and philanthropist Marvin Davis intend to develop "a network of independent stations as a fourth marketing force" to compete directly with CBS, NBC and ABC through the purchase of six television stations then owned by Metromedia.[10] In July 1985, 20th Century Fox announced that publisher Rupert Murdoch had completed his purchase of 50 percent of Fox Filmed Entertainment, the parent company of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation.[11] A year later, Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. earned $5.6 million in its fiscal third period ended May 31, 1986, in contrast to a loss of $55.8 million in the year-earlier period.[12]

Saint Anselm College Quad with the "Fox-Box", where the network reported live during the 2004 and 2008 New Hampshire Primary.

Prior to founding FNC, Murdoch had gained significant experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corp.'s BSkyB subsidiary started Europe's first 24-hour news channel, Sky News, in the United Kingdom in 1989.[13] With the success of his fourth network efforts in the United States,[14][15] experience gained from Sky News, and turnaround of 20th Century Fox, Murdoch announced on January 31, 1996 that News Corp. would be launching a 24-hour news channel to air on both cable and satellite systems as part of a News Corp. "worldwide platform" for Fox programming, reasoning that "The appetite for news — particularly news that explains to people how it affects them — is expanding enormously."[16]

In February 1996, after former US Republican Party political strategist and NBC executive[17] Roger Ailes left America's Talking (now MSNBC), Murdoch called him to start the Fox News Channel. Ailes worked individuals through five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before launch, on October 7, 1996.[18]

At launch, only 10 million households were able to watch FNC, with none in the major media markets of New York City and Los Angeles. According to published reports, many media reviewers had to watch the first day's programming at Fox News studios because it was not readily available. The rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single topic shows like Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics surrounded by news headlines. Interviews had various facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest. The flagship newscast at the time was called The Schneider Report, with Mike Schneider giving a fast paced delivery of the news. During the evening, Fox had opinion shows: The O'Reilly Report (now, The O'Reilly Factor), The Crier Report hosted by Catherine Crier, and Hannity & Colmes.

FNC's Newsroom

From the beginning, FNC has placed heavy emphasis on visual presentation. Graphics were designed to be colorful and attention grabbing and to allow people to get the main points of what was being said even if they could not hear the host, through the use of on-screen text summarizing the position of the interviewer or speaker and "bullet points" when a host was giving commentary.

Fox News also created the "Fox News Alert," which interrupted regular programming when a breaking news story occurred.

To accelerate its adoption by cable companies, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the channel.[19] This contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators paid stations carriage fees for the programming of channels. When Time Warner bought out Ted Turner's Turner Broadcasting, a federal antitrust consent decree required Time Warner to carry a second all-news channel in addition to its own CNN. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the secondary news channel, instead of Fox News. Fox News claimed that this violated an agreement to carry Fox News. Citing its agreement to keep its U.S. headquarters and a large studio in New York City, News Corporation pressured Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's administration to pressure Time Warner, one of the city's two cable providers, to transmit Fox News on a city-owned channel.[20] City officials threatened to take action affecting Time Warner's cable franchises in the city.[21]

A lawsuit was filed by Time Warner against the City of New York claiming undue interference with, and inappropriate use of, the city's educational channels for commercial programming. News Corporation countered with an antitrust lawsuit against Time Warner for unfairly protecting CNN. This led to an acrimonious battle between Murdoch and Turner, with Turner publicly comparing Murdoch to Adolf Hitler while Murdoch's New York Post ran an editorial questioning Turner's sanity. Giuliani's motives were also questioned, as his wife was a producer at Murdoch-owned WNYW-TV. In the end, Time Warner and News Corporation signed a settlement agreement to permit Fox News to be carried on New York City cable system beginning in October 1997, and on all of Time Warner's cable systems by 2001, though Time Warner still does not carry Fox News in all areas. In return, Time Warner was given some rights to News Corporation's satellites in Asia and Europe to distribute Time Warner programming, would receive the normal compensation per subscriber paid to cable operators, and News Corporation would not object to the continuation of Atlanta Braves baseball games being carried on TBS.

Recent history

On May 1, 2008, Fox News launched high definition channel simulcasts of its programming in selected regions of the United States. Time Warner Cable is carrying this channel in New York, NY, San Antonio, TX, and Kansas City, MO,[22] while Cablevision is making it available in New York, NY and on Long Island.

On Friday, October 17, 2008 at 6am ET, DirecTV launched the high-definition channel. This launch was the first national launch of the channel in HD.[23] On January 9, 2009, Cox Communications added the HD channel[24] and on February 3, 2009 Dish Network did also.

Fox News switched from a 4:3 aspect ratio to a 16:9 letterbox ratio for its standard definition channel at 6 am ET on September 28, 2009.

Outlets

FNC-branded airport newsstand at Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport.

FNC maintains an archive of most of its programs. This archive also handles the Fox Movietone newsreels. Licensing of the Fox News archive is handled by ITN Source, the archiving division of ITN.

Television

FNC presents a variety of programming with up to 15 hours of live broadcasting per day, in addition to programming and content for the Fox Broadcasting Company. Most of the programs are broadcast from Fox News headquarters in New York City in their street-side studio on Sixth Avenue in the west extension of Rockefeller Center. Audio simulcasts of the channel are aired on XM Satellite Radio and Sirius Satellite Radio.

Sixth Avenue headquarters

In an October 11, 2009 article in the New York Times, Fox articulated that its hard news programming runs from "9 a.m. to 4 p.m. and 6 to 8 p.m. on weekdays" and "are objective" but makes no such claims for its other broadcasts, which are primarily of editorial and opinion journalism in nature.[25]

High definition

Fox News Channel HD is 720p high definition simulcast of Fox News Channel that launched on May 1, 2008.[26] Most of the programs available in HD (Fox & Friends, America's Newsroom, Happening Now, The Live Desk, Studio B with Shepard Smith, Your World with Neil Cavuto, Glenn Beck, Special Report with Bret Baier, Fox Report, The O'Reilly Factor, Hannity, and On the Record with Greta Van Susteren) are shown in 16:9 widescreen. Fox News Channel began producing its standard definition programs in letterboxed format on September 28, 2009; therefore high definition and standard definition viewers now both see the same picture and stylized pillarboxes are no longer needed.[27]

Radio

With the growth of FNC, the company introduced a radio division entitled Fox News Radio in 2003. Syndicated throughout the United States, the division provides short newscasts and talk radio programs, featuring personalities from both the television and radio divisions. In addition, the channel has also introduced Fox News Talk in 2006, a satellite radio station which features programs syndicated by and featuring Fox News personalities.

Online

Introduced in December 1995, the Fox News website features the latest coverage, including columns from FNC's assorted television, radio, and online personalities. Video clips are also available on both FOXnews.com and FOXbusiness.com. FOX News does not dominate its biggest rivals CNN and MSNBC online like it does in television, as at the end of August 2010 FOXnews.com was averaging an estimated 24 million unique visitors per month, versus 47 million for MSNBC.com and 48 million for CNN.com.[28]

In September 2008, FNC joined other channels by introducing a live streaming segment to its website called The Strategy Room, designed to appeal to older viewers. It airs weekdays, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. and takes the form of an informal discussion, with running commentary on the news. Regular discussion programs include Business Hour, News With a View and God Talk Hours.[29]

March 2009 saw the launch of The Fox Nation, a website intended to encourage readers to post and comment on the news.[30]

Fox News Mobile is a part of the FNC website that is dedicated to streaming news clips that are formatted for video enabled mobile phones.[31]

Personalities

Producing a variety of different programming, FNC has a number of different program hosts, news anchors, correspondents, and contributors who appear throughout daily programming on the channel. FNC has a number of different signature hosts, including Bill O'Reilly, Sean Hannity, Greta Van Susteren, Mike Huckabee, Shepard Smith, & Neil Cavuto all of whom host programs which are on the list of the top ten most watched programs on cable news.[32] In January 2009, commentator Glenn Beck was added to the list of personalities at Fox News Channel.[33]

Ratings and reception

FNC's Hannity production area

FNC saw a large jump in ratings during the early stages of the Iraq conflict. By some reports, at the height of the conflict Fox News had as much as a 300 percent increase in viewership, averaging 3.3 million viewers daily.[34]

In 2004, FNC's ratings for its broadcast of the Republican National Convention beat those of all three broadcast networks. During President George W. Bush's address, Fox News notched 7.3 million viewers nationally, while NBC, CBS, and ABC scored ratings of 5.9, 5.0, and 5.1, respectively.

In late 2005 and early 2006, FNC saw a brief decline in ratings. One notable decline came in the second quarter of 2006 when Fox News lost viewers for every single prime time program, when compared to the previous quarter. The total audience for Special Report with Brit Hume, for example, dropped 19 percent. However, several weeks later, in the wake of the North Korean Missile Crisis and the 2006 Lebanon War, Fox saw a surge in viewership and remained the #1 rated cable news channel.[35][36] Fox still held eight of the ten most-watched nightly cable news shows, with The O'Reilly Factor and Hannity & Colmes coming in first and second places, respectively.[37]

FNC ranked #8 for all cable channels in 2006 and #6 in 2007.[38] The news channel surged to #1 during the week of Barack Obama's election (November 3-9) in 2008 and reached the top spot again in January 2010 during the week of the special Senate election in Massachusetts.[39] Comparing Fox to its 24-hour news channel competitors, for the month of May 2010 the channel drew an average daily prime time audience of 1.8 million versus 747 000 for MSNBC and 595 000 for CNN.[40]

In September 2009, the Pew Research Center published a report on public views toward various national news organizations. This report indicated that 72% of Republican Fox viewers rated the channel as "favorable", and 43% of Democrat viewers and 55% of all viewers share this opinion. However, Fox had the highest unfavorable rating of all national outlets studied at 25 percent of all viewers. The report goes on to say that "partisan differences in views of Fox News have increased substantially since 2007".[41]

In January 2010, Public Policy Polling reported that Fox News was the most trusted television news channel in the country with 49% of respondents stating they trust Fox News.[42] Fox also scored the lowest level of distrust with only 37%, and was the only channel to score a net positive in that regard, with a +12%. CNN scored second in the poll with 39% of those polled stating that they trusted the news channel, and 41% stating distrust, a -2% net score.[43]

Slogan

Fair & Balanced graphic used in 2005

"Fair & Balanced" is a trademarked slogan used by the broadcaster. The slogan was originally used in conjunction with the phrase "Real Journalism." Comedian and senator Al Franken used the slogan in the subtitle for his 2003 book Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right. In the book, he cites examples of what he claims to be Fox News' bias. On August 7, 2003, Fox sued based upon its trademark on the phrase.[44] Fox News dropped the lawsuit three days later after Judge Denny Chin refused their request for an injunction. Chin denied the injunction and said that the case, Fox v. Franken, was "wholly without merit, both factually and legally". He went on to suggest that Fox News' trademark on the phrase "fair and balanced" could be invalid.[45]

In December 2003, FNC found itself on the other end of a legal battle concerning the slogan, when AlterNet filed a cancellation petition with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to have FNC's trademark rescinded as misdescriptive. AlterNet included the documentary film Outfoxed as supporting evidence in its case.[46] After losing early motions, AlterNet withdrew its petition and the USPTO dismissed the case.[47]

In 2008, FNC used the "We Report, You Decide" slogan, referring to "You Decide 2008" which was FNC's original slogan for reporting on matters involving the election, and the candidates.

Criticism and controversies

Accusations of conservative bias

Critics[48][49][50] have accused FNC of having a bias towards the political right at the expense of neutrality.[48][51] Murdoch and Ailes have reacted against allegations of bias, with Murdoch saying that Fox has "given room to both sides, whereas only one side had it before."[52][53] In 2004, director Robert Greenwald produced the documentary film Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism and distributed by Media Matters for America, which argues that Fox News has a conservative bias, including as evidence internal memos from editorial Vice President John Moody which the film uses to support its claim that Fox attempts to alter news content.

A Pew Research poll released on October 29, 2009, found that Fox News is viewed as the most ideological channel in America. 47% of those surveyed said Fox News is "mostly conservative," 14% said "mostly liberal," and 24% said "neither." In comparison, MSNBC had 36% identify it as "mostly liberal," 11% as "mostly conservative," and 27% as "neither." CNN had 37% describe it as "mostly liberal," 11% as "mostly conservative," and 33% as "neither."[54]

A poll by Rasmussen Reports found that 31% of Americans say Fox News has a conservative bias and 15% say it has a liberal bias. The poll also reported that 36% believe Fox News delivers news with neither a conservative or liberal bias, compared to 37% who said NPR delivers news with no conservative or liberal bias and 32% who said the same of CNN.[55] Rasmussen is a frequent contributor to Fox News and has been accused by Democrats of biased polling in favor of Republicans.[56][57] A 2007 study looked at the introduction of Fox News into local US markets between 1996 and 2000, and found that in the 2000 presidential election "Republicans gained 0.4 to 0.7 percentage points in the towns that broadcast Fox News." The study's estimates "imply that Fox News convinced 3 to 28 percent of its viewers to vote Republican, depending on the audience measure."[58]

A 2010 study conducted by Professor Sean Aday comparing Fox News Channel's Special Report With Brit Humes and NBC's Nightly News coverage of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan during 2005 found that both underplayed bad news, but concluded that "Fox News was much more sympathetic to the administration than NBC, suggesting that, "if scholars continue to find evidence of a partisan or ideological bias at FNC...they should consider Fox as alternative, rather than mainstream, media." Aday also pointed out, however, that the data used in his study may have come late enough in the war to be consistent with accepted practices.[59]

Obama administration criticism of Fox News

In September 2009, the Obama administration engaged in a verbal conflict with Fox News Channel. On Sept. 20, 2009, President Obama appeared on all the major news programs except Fox News, a snub partially in response to remarks about the President by commentators Glenn Beck and Sean Hannity and general coverage by Fox with regard to Obama's Health Care proposal.[60][61] Fox News Sunday host Chris Wallace called White House administration officials "crybabies" in response. Following this, a senior Obama adviser told U.S. News that the White House would never get a fair shake from Fox News.

In late September 2009, Obama senior advisor David Axelrod and Roger Ailes met in secret to try and smooth out tensions between the two camps without much success. Two weeks later, White House officials referred to FNC as “not a news network", communications director Anita Dunn asserting that “Fox News often operates as either the research arm or the communications arm of the Republican Party.”[62][63] President Obama followed with "If media is operating basically as a talk radio format, then that's one thing, and if it's operating as a news outlet, then that's another," [64] and White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel stated that it was important "to not have the CNN's and the others in the world basically be led in following Fox."[65]

Within days it was reported that Fox had been excluded from an interview with administration official Ken Feinberg, with bureau chiefs from the White House Pool (ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN) coming to the defense of Fox.[66] One of the major bureau chiefs stated, "If any member had been excluded it would have been the same thing, it has nothing to do with Fox or the White House or the substance of the issues."[67] Shortly after this story broke the White House admitted to a low-level mistake, but that said that Fox had not made a specific request to interview Feinberg. Fox White House correspondent Major Garrett responded by stating that he had not made a specific request, but that he had a "standing request from me as senior White House correspondent on Fox to interview any newsmaker at the Treasury at any given time news is being made."[68]

On November 8, 2009 the Los Angeles Times reported that an unnamed Democratic consultant was warned by the White House not to appear on Fox News again. According to the article, Anita Dunn claimed in an e-mail to have checked with colleagues who "deal with TV issues" and had been told that nobody had been instructed to avoid Fox. Patrick Caddell, a Fox News contributor and former pollster for President Jimmy Carter said he had spoken with other Democratic consultants who had received similar warnings from the White House.[69]

International transmission

The FNC feed is available internationally, while the Fox News Extra segments provide alternate programming.

Fox News Extra

Initially, US advertisements were replaced on FNC with viewer e-mail and profiles of FNC anchors set to music. In 2002 these were replaced with international weather forecasts. In 2006, the weather segments were replaced with 'Fox News Extra' segments, various narrated reports from Fox reports on a variety of topics. These reports are generally on lighter issues not related to current news events, and the segments are repeated. FNC also shows international weather forecasts when the Fox News Extra segments run short.

The Fox News feed in the United Kingdom and Ireland does not feature Fox News Extra, and instead features commercials and break fillers from sister channel Sky News's International Variant. For a short period in 2001, a still of the Fox News logo replaced this other content.

Australia

In Australia, FNC is broadcast on the three major Pay-TV providers, Foxtel, Austar and Optus Television. Foxtel is 25 percent owned by News Corporation. Sky News Australia is Fox's sister channel.

Brazil

Since 2002 FNC has been broadcast to Brazil, but the commercials are replaced with Fox News Extra. It is broadcast by Sky (satellite operator, a joint-venture between News Corporation and Globosat) and in the digital packages of NET.

Canada

In 2003, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) rejected a Canadian Cable Telecommunications Association (CCTA) application to bring Fox News to Canada because Fox News U.S. and Global Television were planning to create Fox News Canada, a combination of U.S. and Canadian news. However in 2004, after a Fox U.S. executive said there were no plans to create the combined channel, the CRTC approved an application to bring Fox News to Canada.[70]

Fox News Channel is currently offered by Access Communications, Bell TV, Cogeco, Eastlink, Manitoba Telecom Services, Rogers, SaskTel, Shaw Cable, Shaw Direct and Telus TV. A notable exception is Vidéotron, Canada's third largest cable company, which has not added Fox News Channel to its lineup.

In response to outrage[71] over panelists on late night comedy program Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld making disparaging remarks about the Canadian military, including "...inappropriate and disrespectful comments on the channel regarding the Canadian Military's efforts in Afghanistan,...", Canadian cable television provider Shaw Communications gave its customers the option of replacing Fox News Channel with another programming option.[72]

France

Fox News is available on cable with the French Internet provider Free & Orange.

Ireland

FNC is also carried in the Republic of Ireland by the British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB) satellite television network (Sky) which is 40% owned by FNC's parent News Corporation. It is run as a sister channel to BSkyB's popular Sky News. FNC is usually broadcast as a VideoGuard encrypted channel but during major news stories it may be simulcast on Sky Active, which is free to air. As of September 2006 the channel has carried UK specific advertising, along with headlines and weather provided by Sky News during its breaks. These run under the brand of Fox News International.

Due to the shared ownership of Fox and Sky, Fox News and Sky News routinely share bureaus and reporters for breaking news stories from around the world.

Italy

In Italy, FNC was launched on the now defunct Italian digital satellite television platform Stream TV in 2001. Part of its programming was translated in Italian and broadcasted on the defunct Italian news channel Stream News. In 2003 was moved on SKY Italia with U.S. commercials replaced by Fox News Extra segments and now is available on 4,600,000 subscribers and 160,000 hotel rooms in Italy.

SKY TG 24 is one of the sister channels of Fox News.

New Zealand

In New Zealand, FNC is broadcast on Channel 092 of pay satellite operator SKY TV's digital platform. It was formerly broadcast overnight on free-to-air UHF New Zealand TV channel Prime, owned by SKY, but this has now been discontinued. No reason has been given for its abandonment. Fox News parent corporation News Corp has a stake in both SKY and Prime.

Scandinavia

Between 2003 and 2006, in Sweden and the other Scandinavian countries, FNC was broadcast 16 hours a day on TV8, with Fox News Extra segments replacing U.S. advertising. Fox News was dropped by TV8 and replaced by German news channel Deutsche Welle in September 2006.

Singapore

In Singapore, FNC is broadcasted on Channel 75 of pay-tv cable operator StarHub TV digital platform. It also broadcasts its sister channel, Sky News.

United Kingdom

FNC is also carried in the United Kingdom by the British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB) satellite television network (Sky) which is 40% owned by FNC's parent News Corporation. It is run as a sister channel to BSkyB's popular Sky News. FNC is usually broadcast as a VideoGuard encrypted channel but during major news stories it may be simulcast on Sky Active, which is free to air. As of September 2006 the channel has carried UK specific advertising, along with headlines and weather provided by Sky News during its breaks. These run under the brand of Fox News International.

Due to the shared ownership of Fox and Sky, Fox News (and Fox Business) and Sky News routinely share bureaus and reporters for breaking news stories from around the world.

Other countries

Countries where Fox News is provided

Fox News Channel is also carried in more than 40 countries. Although service to Japan stopped in the summer of 2003, it can still be seen on Americable (distributor for American bases),[73] Mediatti (Kadena Air Base),[74] and Pan Global TV Japan.[75]

Programming

ET Format[76] Program Host(s) Location Description
6a-9a
Opinion
Fox and Friends
 Steve Doocy, Gretchen Carlson and Brian Kilmeade Studio E, NY The channel's morning editorial program (HD)
9a-11a
News
America's Newsroom
 Bill Hemmer and Martha MacCallum Studio J, NY A daily look at what's making news and Politics. (HD)
11a-1p
News
Happening Now
 Jon Scott and Jenna Lee Studio E, NY A daily look at Breaking News in the world. (HD)
1p-3p
Opinion
America Live with Megyn Kelly
 Megyn Kelly Studio J, NY A daily editorial look at Breaking News in the world. (HD)
3p-4p
News
Studio B
 Shepard Smith Studio H, NY A daily editorial look at Breaking News in the world. (HD)
4p-5p
Opinion
Your World with Neil Cavuto
 Neil Cavuto Studio E, NY Business Program. (HD)
5p-6p
Opinion
Glenn Beck
 Glenn Beck Studio H, NY Political opinion program. (HD)
6p-7p
News and Opinion
Special Report with Bret Baier
 Bret Baier Washington American politics and world news followed by political opinions from DC. (HD)
7p-8p
News
Fox Report
 Shepard Smith Studio H, NY The channel's evening newscast. (HD)
8p-9p
Opinion
O'Reilly Factor
 Bill O'Reilly New York Political opinion program. (HD)
9p-10p
Opinion
Hannity
 Sean Hannity Studio J, NY A nightly editorial program. (HD)
10p-11p
Opinion
On the Record
 Greta Van Susteren Washington/NY Nightly editorial program. (HD)
3a-4a
Opinion
Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld
 Greg Gutfeld Studio E, NY Nightly talk variety program. (HD)

See also

Competitors

References

  1. ↑ Brancaccio, David (October 7, 1996). "Marketplace: News Archives". Marketplace. http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/1996/10/07_mpp.html. Retrieved May 12, 2010. 
  2. ↑ Ibarra, Sergio (March 31, 2009). "CNN Ratings Down; Fox, MSNBC Grow". TVWeek. http://www.tvweek.com/news/2009/03/cnn_ratings_down_fox_msnbc_gro.php. Retrieved 2009-04-08. 
  3. ↑ Noah, Timothy (May 31, 2005). "Fox News Admits Bias!". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2119864/. Retrieved May 12, 2010. 
  4. ↑ Memmott, Mark (2004-07-12). "Film accuses Fox of slanting the news". Usatoday.Com. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/2004-07-11-outfoxed_x.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 
  5. ↑ Harris, Paul (November 19, 2006). "OJ 'confession': now US turns on Murdoch | World news | The Observer". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/nov/19/books.media. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 
  6. ↑ Barr, Andy (October 11, 2009). "Dunn stands by Fox slam". Politico. http://www.politico.com/blogs/politicolive/1009/Dunn_Fox_is_arm_of_Republican_Party.html. Retrieved May 13, 2010. 
  7. ↑ Memmott, Mark (2004-09-02). "Fox newspeople say allegations of bias unfounded". Usatoday.Com. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-09-01-fox-news_x.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 
  8. ↑ "White House Escalates War of Words With Fox News". Fox News. 2009-10-12. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/10/12/white-house-escalates-war-words-fox-news/. Retrieved 2009-10-12. 
  9. ↑ Stelter, Brian (2009-10-12). "Fox’s Volley With Obama Intensifying". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/12/business/media/12fox.html. Retrieved 2009-10-12. 
  10. ↑ Lenzner, Robert. (May 5, 1985) Boston Globe Murdoch, partner plan 4th network. Section: National/Foreign; Page 1 (the six stations cover many of the nation's major markets — New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Dallas, Houston and Washington)
  11. ↑ New York Times (July 11, 1985) $55.9 Million Fox Film Loss. Section: D; Page D19.
  12. ↑ Chicago Tribune (July 17, 1986) Turnaround for Fox Film Section: Business; Page 1.
  13. ↑ Shah, Saeed. (September 24, 2002) The Independent Business Analysis: Unstoppable Sky machine rolls on as ITV troubles worsen Dawn Airey's free-to-air television experience will be invaluable to BSkyB as it moves beyond its pay-TV model. Section: Business; Page 21.
  14. ↑ Schulberg, Pete. (July 15, 1994) The Oregonian Fox is a business, if not artistic, success. Section: Television; Page E1.
  15. ↑ Braxton, Greg. (April 6, 1997) Chicago Sun-Times How Fox broke from the pack to become cutting-edge network.
  16. ↑ Williams, Scott. (January 31, 1996) Associated Press Murdoch taps Ailes for new network; Former CNBC chief set to direct 24-hour news channel, take on CNN.
  17. ↑ Mifflin, Lawrie (October 7, 1996). "At the new Fox News Channel, the buzzword is fairness, separating news from bias". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E4DE1F3FF934A35753C1A960958260&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/A/Ailes,%20Roger%20E.. Retrieved May 2, 2010. 
  18. ↑ "News Corporation: Fox News Channel". News Corporation. 2008-04-18. http://www.newscorp.com/management/foxnewschannel.html. Retrieved 2008-04-21. 
  19. ↑ Richard Katz (1996-05). ""Bold grab for subs: Murdoch offers $11 to carry Fox News"". Multichannel News. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-18396534/bold-grab-subs-murdoch.html. Retrieved September 1, 2010. 
  20. ↑ Landler, Mark (October 4, 1996). "Giuliani Pressures Time Warner to Transmit a Fox Channel". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9504E3DA123FF937A35753C1A960958260. Retrieved May 2, 2010. 
  21. ↑ Levy, Clifford J. (October 5, 1996). "City Hall Threatens Action if Time Warner Rejects Channel". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07E7DB103FF936A35753C1A960958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved May 2, 2010. 
  22. ↑ "Fox News Channel to Take HD Leap - 4/29/2008 3:12:00 PM — Broadcasting & Cable". Broadcastingcable.com. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6555936.html. Retrieved 2009-05-27. 
  23. ↑ Murph, Darren (2008-10-17). "FOX News Turns HD on DirecTV". Engadget. http://hd.engadget.com/2008/10/17/fox-news-turns-hd-on-directv/. Retrieved 2009-05-27. 
  24. ↑ "Cox Communications" (PDF). http://www.cox.com/gocox/pdf/pdf_new/Wichita.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-27. 
  25. ↑ Stelter, Brian. "Fox’s Volley With Obama Intensifying." NYT. Oct.11, 2009. Retrieved via nytimes.com on Nov.16, 2009.
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  27. ↑ "Broadcasting & Cable September 28, 2009 FNC Pushes Widescreen - Will deliver letterboxed standard-def feed". Broadcastingcable.com. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/355467-FNC_Pushes_Widescreen.php. Retrieved 2010-08-27. 
  28. ↑ 15 Most Popular News Websites ebizMBA (derived from Alexa Internet, Quantcast, and Compete.com data) 1 September 2010 Retrieved: 8 September 2010 See also: Top 20 Websites in 2009
  29. ↑ "For Talking Heads, a Spot to Relax and Sip Coffee, on Webcam " The New York Times. February 15, 2009.
  30. ↑ Welcome to the FOX Nation Foxnews.com, 30 March 2009
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  33. ↑ "Glenn Beck Sounds Off on Washington State Christmas Controversy and Blagojevich Scandal". Fox News. December 15, 2008. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,467244,00.html. Retrieved December 19, 2008. 
  34. ↑ ""War coverage lifts News Corp"". The British Broadcasting Corporation. August 13, 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3148015.stm. Retrieved November 29, 2005. 
  35. ↑ FNC's 25-54 Prime "Downward Spiral", TV Newser
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  39. ↑ Fox News Channel tops USA in cable ratings Reuters 27 January 2010
  40. ↑ Fox News North’ primed for launch The Globe and Mail 15 June 2010
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  44. ↑ de Moraes, Lisa (August 12, 2003). Three Little Words: Fox News Sues. Washington Post
  45. ↑ Phil Hirschkorn (August 22, 2003). Fox News loses attempt to block satirist's book. CNN
  46. ↑ Coyle, Jake (July 19, 2004 ). Advocacy Groups Challenge Fox News Slogan. Associated Press
  47. ↑ Official Documentation of Petitioned Cancellation of "Fair & Balanced" trademark phrase, Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Inquiry System
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Dean On President Clinton Standing Up To Right-Wing Propaganda On Fox News Sunday, The Democratic Party, September 25, 2006
  49. ↑ O'Reilly: "FOX does tilt right", Media Matters for America
  50. ↑ The Most Biased Name in News – Fox News Channel's extraordinary right-wing tilt, FAIR, July/August 2001
  51. ↑ Timothy Noah, Fox News admits bias!, Slate, May 31, 2005. Retrieved September 26, 2006.
  52. ↑ News Corp denies Fox News bias Australian Associated Press, October 26, 2004
  53. ↑ Interview transcript: Rupert Murdoch and Roger Ailes, the Financial Times, October 6, 2006
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